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The dried roots of Angelica sinensis has been widely applied in clinical care due to its efficiencies in nourishing and activating blood, regulating female menstrual disorders and relieving pains, relaxing bowels, etc. The cultivated two-year-old plants normally harvested roots for medicinal uses emerge over 30% early bolting rate, which leads to the lignified roots that are useless in medicinal agents. The early bolting and flowering that are leading to serious yield reduction has been one of the most serious problems in the production of A. sinensis for many years. Here, based on previously published research articles, monographs, patents as well as practice experiences, the research progresses on the internal and external factors affecting bolting and flowering of A. sinensis, the pathways regulating bolting and flowering, the mechanism revealing bolting and flowering by biotechnological interventions were summarized, with the aim of providing effective pathways jointly internal and external factors for regulating bolting and flowering, as well as references for further revealing the mechanism of the bolting and flowering of A. sinensis.
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OBJECTIVE: To establish a high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) method for determining chromone components in Saposhnikoviae Radix, and compare the similarities and differences between bolting and non-bolting samples. METHODS: Agilent Ecilpse Plus C18 column(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm) was used for chromatographic analysis, water and methanol were used as mobile phase for gradient elution at a flow rate of 1 mL•min-1. Detection was conducted at 254 nm. The column temperature was maitained at 35 ℃ and the injection volume was 10 μL. RESULTS: There were 10 common peaks in the HPLC fingerprints of 8 batches of Saposhnikoviae Radix,with similarity above 0.94 in six batches of bolting and non-bolting samples and below 0.90 in two batches of second-stubble samples.The HPLC assay had good linearity for the four chromone components. The average recoveries for prim-O-glucosylcimifugin,cimicifugin, 5-O-methylvisamidol glycoside and sec-O-glu cosylhamaudol were 95.05%, 98.62%, 98.3% and 99.02%,and the RSDs of repeatability test were 1.60%, 1.77%, 1.24% and 3.09%, respectively. When comparing the bolting and non-bolting Saposhnikoviae Radix, the content of cimicifugin increased after bolting, the other three components and the total amount of the four chromone components did not have significant variation. CONCLUSION: The establishment of HPLC fingerprint combined with simultaneous determination of four chromone components provides a more comprehensive reference for the quality control and quality evaluation of Saposhnikoviae Radix. There are no obvious differences in chromone components between bolting and non-bolting Saposhnikoviae Radix, but there is significant difference between second-stubble and first-stubble Saposhnikoviae Radix.
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Saposhnikovia divaricata is a valuable Chinese medicinal herb; the transformation from vegetative growth to reproductive growth may lead to the decrease of its pharmacological activities. Therefore, the study of bolting and flowering for Saposhnikovia divaricata is warranted. The present study aimed to reveal differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and regularity of expression during the bolting and flowering process, and the results of this study might provide a theoretical foundation for the suppression of early bolting for future research and practical application. Three sample groups, early flowering, flower bud differentiation, and late flowering (groups A, B, and C, respectively) were selected. Transcriptomic analysis identified 67, 010 annotated unigenes, among which 50, 165 were differentially expressed including 16, 108 in A vs B, and 17, 459 in B vs C, respectively. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway functional classification analysis were performed on these differentially expressed genes, and five important pathways were significantly impacted (P ≤ 0.01): plant circadian rhythm, other glycan degradation, oxidative phosphorylation, plant hormone signal transduction, and starch and sucrose metabolism. Plant hormone signal transduction might play an important role in the bolting and flowering process. The differentially expressed indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) gene showed significant down-regulation during bolting and flowering, while the transport inhibitor response 1 (TIR1) gene showed no significant change during the bolting process. The expression of flowering related genes FLC, LYF, and AP1 also showed a greater difference at different development stages. In conclusion, we speculate that the decrease in auxin concentration is not caused by the degrading effect of TIR1 but by an alternative mechanism.
Subject(s)
Apiaceae , Genetics , Flowers , Genetics , Gene Expression Profiling , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Gene Regulatory Networks , Genes, Plant , RNA, Plant , Genetics , Reproducibility of ResultsABSTRACT
Saposhnikovia divaricata is a valuable Chinese medicinal herb; the transformation from vegetative growth to reproductive growth may lead to the decrease of its pharmacological activities. Therefore, the study of bolting and flowering for Saposhnikovia divaricata is warranted. The present study aimed to reveal differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and regularity of expression during the bolting and flowering process, and the results of this study might provide a theoretical foundation for the suppression of early bolting for future research and practical application. Three sample groups, early flowering, flower bud differentiation, and late flowering (groups A, B, and C, respectively) were selected. Transcriptomic analysis identified 67, 010 annotated unigenes, among which 50, 165 were differentially expressed including 16, 108 in A vs B, and 17, 459 in B vs C, respectively. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway functional classification analysis were performed on these differentially expressed genes, and five important pathways were significantly impacted (P ≤ 0.01): plant circadian rhythm, other glycan degradation, oxidative phosphorylation, plant hormone signal transduction, and starch and sucrose metabolism. Plant hormone signal transduction might play an important role in the bolting and flowering process. The differentially expressed indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) gene showed significant down-regulation during bolting and flowering, while the transport inhibitor response 1 (TIR1) gene showed no significant change during the bolting process. The expression of flowering related genes FLC, LYF, and AP1 also showed a greater difference at different development stages. In conclusion, we speculate that the decrease in auxin concentration is not caused by the degrading effect of TIR1 but by an alternative mechanism.
Subject(s)
Apiaceae , Genetics , Flowers , Genetics , Gene Expression Profiling , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Gene Regulatory Networks , Genes, Plant , RNA, Plant , Genetics , Reproducibility of ResultsABSTRACT
Objectives:To evaluate the concentration differences of sulforaphene and sulforaphane at various ages and in different pairs of Raphanus sativus L.var.caudatus with respect to their potential cancer preventive effect on HCT116 colon cancer cells.Methods:FTIR-ATR and GC-MS were used to characterize the isothiocyanates in the plant extracts followed by HPLC for quantification.Antiproliferation and apoptosis induction were determined by using MTT assay and flow cytometry,respectively.Results:The respective rank of anticancer activity ofRaphanus sativus were as follows:vegetative (3 week) ＜ older rosette (4 week) ＜ early-bolting (5 week) ＜ senescence (7 week) ＜ late-bolting (6 week).The low to high concentration of sulforaphene and sulforaphane occurred in the same stage order.Conclusions:The reproductive parts (flower,pod,and dry seed) of Raphanus sativus have the greatest isothiocyanate concentration,evidenced by a sulforaphene concentration higher than the sulforaphane.This result should inform the selection of the most appropriate harvesting stage and plant part for use as a potential chemopreventive agent.
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Objectives To evaluate the concentration differences of sulforaphene and sulforaphane at various ages and in different parts of Raphanus sativus L. var. caudatus with respect to their potential cancer preventive effect on HCT116 colon cancer cells. Methods FTIR–ATR and GC–MS were used to characterize the isothiocyanates in the plant extracts followed by HPLC for quantification. Antiproliferation and apoptosis induction were determined by using MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Results The respective rank of anticancer activity of Raphanus sativus were as follows: vegetative (3 week) < older rosette (4 week) < early-bolting (5 week) < senescence (7 week) < late-bolting (6 week). The low to high concentration of sulforaphene and sulforaphane occurred in the same stage order. Conclusions The reproductive parts (flower, pod, and dry seed) of Raphanus sativus have the greatest isothiocyanate concentration, evidenced by a sulforaphene concentration higher than the sulforaphane. This result should inform the selection of the most appropriate harvesting stage and plant part for use as a potential chemopreventive agent.
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The early bolting has become one of the key issues affecting the Umbelliferae herbs production. The early bolting does not only reduce herbs production but also affect the active ingredients of plants. The concept of early bolting, physiological theory, induce factors of the quality of medicine and, control technology about the early bolting of Umbelliferae are integrative reviewed in the paper. Its occurrence mechanism include: genetic factors, environmental and ecological factors, endogenous hormones, sowing, fertilizer and other production management measures. For the above occurring mechanism, the proposed prevention measures are as follows: preferably germplasm, sowing, rational fertilization, exogenous hormones, shading, reed head cut off, cut fall the leaves, reasonable planting density and other agronomic measures can reduce its bolting rate. And the early bolting problem focused for future research are mentioned, including: development of authentic ingredients cultivation technical specifications, screened early bolting hormone inhibitor, in-depth study of the mechanism of early bolting, reveal its early bolting gene and key ecological factors. The research of vernalization gene, gene regulation of flowering early bolting will solve the problem of quality and production reducing fundamentally caused by the early bolting.
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This article was aimed to study the physiological mechanisms in frozen storage to reduce early bolting of Angelica sinensis. By analyzing the root soluble sugar, soluble protein, MDA content changes before and after -10oC processing of the Angelica sinensis seedlings of different size from different sources , the physiological mechanisms in frozen storage reducing early bolting of A . sinensis had been studied. The results indicated that the greater seedlings , the higher content of soluble sugar , lower protein content and higher MDA . There were no obvious differences on the soluble sugar , soluble protein and MDA content of the same size seedlings from different sources . After -10oC freezing , the content of soluble sugar and protein in the seedlings with the same size were decreased. Meanwhile, the content of MDA was increased. It was concluded that the content of soluble sugar, soluble protein and MDA were obviously related to the size of Angelica sinensis seedlings from the same source before and after low temperature process .
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Objective: Through determining the contents of growth hormone (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), and abscisic acid (ABA) to make the content changes of IAA, GA, and ABA clear before and after bolting time in the roots of Saponikovia cata, so as to provide the theoretical basis for studying the early bolting mechanism in the roots of S. cata. Methods: The contents of IAA, GA, and ABA before and after the bolting time were determined by HPLC. The chromatographic conditions were as follows: C18 ODS RP column, temperature: 35°C, detection wavelength: 254 nm, volumn flow: 0.7 mL/min, mobile phase: methanol-acetonitrile -0.7% acetic acid (40:15:45). Results: The content variation trend of IAA and GA in the roots, stems, and leaves of S. cata was almost the same during the bolting time. The contents of IAA and GA in the roots of S. cata revealed the downgrade tendency sharply after bolting; The contents of IAA and GA in the roots of S. cata before bolting were obviously higher than those after bolting. The content variation trends of ABA in the roots, stems, and leaves of S. cata were the same during the bolting time, but far more different from IAA and GA. Although there was the little fluctuation of ABA before bolting, the contents of ABA after bolting were sharply upgraded and were obviously higher than those before bolting. Conclusion: The phenomenon of early bolting in the roots of S. cata directly relates to the endo phylohormone level, so we may extrapolate that the levels of endo phylohormone could straightly cause the bolting in the roots of S. cata or not.
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Objective: The effects of the reproductive growth on the source-sink relationship and source-sink characteristic indexes of Alisma plantago-aquatica were studied in order to provide a potential reference for the cultural techniques of high yield and quality and breeding. Methods: The dry weight in each part and the content of non-structure carbohydrates and nitrogen compounds in the leaves and tubers from the wiping off bolting and bolting plant were tested; The accumulative process of physiological indexes was compared. Results: Reproductive growth could benefit the accumulation of reproductive sink, go against the increase of source of leaves and vegetative sink, and obviously increase the plant total storage capacity and the total biomass. Wiping off the reproductive growth could increase the C/N ratio in the leaves at the later stages of plant growth and the tubers during the yield formative period, and promote the production of the leaves and tubers. Conclusion: During the process of cultivation, it is supposed to promptly adjust the plant C/N ratio by artificial measures for increasing the tuber production. The strains with suitable amounts and high C/N ratio in the leaves and high nitrogen content in the tubers at the later stages of the plant growth should be chosen for breeding.
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Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels (Umbelliferae) is a well-known medicinal plant mainly distributed in Gansu Province of China. Its local and global demand is significant because of its food and medicinal applications. However, the early bolting rate of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels reaches 20 percent-60 percent, which seriously affects its food and medicinal qualities. Thus, differences in gene expression between the flower bud and sprout-shoot apical meristem underwent analysis, by means of cDNA-amplified restriction fragment length polymorphism, to better understand the flowering mechanism. 64 primer sets, each of which amplified to 60 transcript-derived fragments (TDFs), were used. Among these TDFs, 26 were expressed specifically in the flower bud. After cloning and sequencing, 32 distinct sequences were obtained from these 26 TDFs, and 25 were found with homologous sequences in databases. Confirmation of differential expression of 13 sequences was obtained by semi-quantitative RT-PCR, their showing higher expression levels in flower buds. These homologous sequences encode transposable elements, pentatricopeptide repeat-containing proteins, DNA-binding transcription factors, zinc finger (B-box type) family proteins, NADP-dependent sorbitol 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (S6PDH), amongst others.
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Objective Inhibition of matrix seedling raising in winter greenhouse on premature bolting of Angelica sinensis.Methods Three factors of sowing periods,soil media,and seeds were tested in ortho-gonal design by repeated three times.Results In total 15 treatments,bolting percentage of A.sinensis in seven treatments were lower than 1%,among which the lowest was 0.14%;In the other seven treatments,the bolting percentages were 1%—5%,and in another treatment,it was 19.93%.No bolting happened in 40% of total 45 tested plots,and the bolting percentage was lower than 5% in other 46.7% tested plots.Stalk of winter raised seedlings started to produce at the beginning of August,which delayed 70 d compared to that of the traditional seedlings,bolting peak period of winter raised seedlings was in the middle of September,which delayed 100 d compared to that of the traditional seedlings.In total 15 treatments,100% of bolting plants only stalked,but no flowers produced in six treatments,over 50% of bolting plants only stalked,but no flowers produced in the other eight treatments,38.9% of bolting plants only stalked but no flowers produced in another one treatment.The sample test showed that ethanol extracts content of bolting plant root without flower was 45.93%.Influence in each one of these three factors to premature bolting percentage approached to the utmost notable difference,the influence sequence was sowing periods,seeds,and soil matrixes.Conclusion Premature bolting percentage of A.sinensis is not only obviously decreased by matrix seedling raising in winter greenhouse,but also the bolting can possibly be avoided,and bolting date be also delayed greatly.
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Objective To investigate the relationship between the root diameter of Angelica sinensis and its early bolting rate, and to decrease the bolting rate. Methods The seedling transplanting of A. sinensis with various root diameters was used to study the bolting rate and yield. Results Bolting plants can be observed in the field at June and the period from June to July is the bolting heyday. The bolting rate was the highest, up to 94.65%, in the treatment of root diameter ≥ 0.86 cm. However, it was only 1.63% in the treatment of root diameter ≤ 0.35 cm on Oct. 2nd. In the treatment of root diameter ≤ 0.35 cm, the seedling rate was only 33.62%, while in the treatment of root diameter ≥ 0.86 cm, the seedling rate was the highest, up to 95.75%, but the harvest seedling number was only 6 395 plant/hm2. In the treatment of root diameter of 0.46—0.55 cm, the harvest seedling number was 68 398 plant/hm2, which was significantly higher than other treatments. The highest yield appeared in the treatment of root diameter in 0.46—0.55 cm of transplanting seedling, the fresh and dry yields of A. sinensis were 5 717.58 kg/hm2 and 1 554.98 kg/hm2, respectively. Conclusion The seedlings with root diameter in the range of 0.46—0.65 cm should be selected to transplant in practice.